How to calculate Zakat and How to pay Zakat?

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How to calculate Zakat and How to pay Zakat?

Bismillahir Rahmani Rahim, today’s topic of discussion is the calculation of Zakat and the rules for giving Zakat.

On which wealth is Zakat obligatory?

Allah Ta’ala has given wealth to His servants and has allocated a portion of that wealth to the poor. However, he did not impose Zakat on all wealth. Rather, the order came to collect zakat on four types of wealth. which is as follows-

(1) Gold, Silver, Currency, and Business products

(2) Domestic animals

(3) Grains and fruits

(4) Mineral and underground resources

Zakat is obligatory on any independent Muslim who owns any one of the four types of wealth amounting to Nisab. But the first two types viz. (1. Gold, silver coins and trade goods 2. Domestic animals) condition for wealth is that it should be owned for one lunar year but the last two types viz. (3. Grains and fruits 4. Minerals and soil) Content hidden inside) There is no such condition for wealth i.e. Zakat must be paid only when the wealth is owned. Below are the details of the four types of wealth and their Nisab:

(1) Gold, Silver, Currency, and Business products

Zakat is obligatory on someone if he has a Nisab amount of gold or silver for a period of one lunar year, if he has an amount of movable currency equal to its market value, or if he has a number of trade goods equal to it. Again, if this four combined amount to Nisab, then Zakat is obligatory on him. It should be noted that if a person has a debt, it should be deducted from the total assets and then if it is the amount of Nisab then Zakat should be paid.

Zakat on gold and silver

Zakat is obligatory on gold and silver if it is a Nisab amount. Allah Ta’ala says, Give glad tidings of a grievous chastisement to those who hoard gold and silver and do not spend it in the way of Allah. On the Day it will be heated in the Fire of Hell and their foreheads, sides, and faces will be stained with it. On that day it will be said, This is what you save for yourselves. So enjoy what you have saved. (Repentance 9/34-35). 

In the hadith, it was narrated on the authority of Abu Huraira (RA), who said, The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, “Every owner of gold and silver who does not pay his right (Zakat) will surely have many layers of fire prepared for him on the Day of Resurrection, and all of them will be in Hellfire.” He will be heated in the fire and his ribs, forehead, and back will be scarred. When it cools down, it will be reheated (so it will be done) on that day, which will be equal to fifty thousand years. (His punishment will continue) until the judgment of the servants is settled. Then he will take his way, either to Paradise or to Hell.

Muslim Ha/987; Mishkat Ha/1773, Banganubad Mishkat (Emdadia) 4/123 p.

Zakat on ornaments used

Commercial gold i.e. gold that is stored for the purpose of trading is obligatory on gold, and on gold used for haram purposes, such as gold used by men and women’s ornaments made in the shape of any animal, which is haram to use, zakat is also obligatory on such gold. In this regard, the ulama has reached a consensus. Because such use of gold is unnecessary. On the other hand, is Zakat Fard on the ornaments used by women in a legitimate way? There is a difference of opinion among the ulama in this regard. But according to Sahih, Zakat is obligatory on gold and silver ornaments used by women. There is a hadith about the zakat of ornaments used by women.

On the authority of Amr Ibn Shuaib (RA), a woman came to the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) with her daughter. In her daughter’s hand were two thick gold bangles. He said to him, do you give its zakat? The woman said no. Then the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, “Would you prefer that Allah, the Exalted, should clothe you with a pair of fire rings on the Day of Resurrection instead?” Rabi said, hearing this, the girl took it from her hand and placed it in front of the Prophet (PBUH) and said, These two are for Allah and His Messenger.

Abu Dawud ha/1563, chapter ‘Zakat’, section ‘Zakat on collected wealth and ornaments’, Sanad Hasan.

In another hadith, mother Aisha (RA) said,

Once the Messenger of Allah (PHUB) came to me and saw a big silver ring in my hand and said, O Ayesha! What is it? I said, O Messenger (pbuh)! Created for your beautification purpose. He asked, do you give its zakat? I said, No, or whatever Allah willed. He said, “That is enough to take you to hell.” 

Abu Dawud Ha/1565, Sahih.

Current Currency Zakat

Early people knew nothing about cash. They traded goods for goods. Then gradually the use of cash started. At the same time, gold and silver were accepted as special objects. When the Messenger of Allah (PHUB) was sent, the Arab society of that time used to buy and sell among themselves gold and silver coins. ‘Dinar’ was made of gold, and ‘Dirham’ was made of silver. But because it was small and large, the weight would vary. For this reason, the people of Makkah during the Jahili period did not use it based on counting, rather they used it based on weight. It is mainly for this reason that 85 grams of gold and 595 grams of silver have been levied based on the weight of 20 dinars and 200 dirhams respectively for gold and silver. Therefore the current circulating currency will replace gold or silver.

Zakat on business goods

Zakat is obligatory on all goods which are bought and sold with the hope of profit. 

Allah says, O believers! Spend the best of what you earn and what I produce for you from the land and do not resolve to spend its worst, But you will not receive it unless you close your eyes. And know that surely Allah is free from lack, praised. (Baqarah 2/267).

It is stated in the verse: “What you earn” means commercial goods.

It should be noted that if there is any item in the store that is not to be sold, Zakat is not required. For example, refrigerators are used to keep products cold. Similarly, the furniture of the shop which is not sold does not have to collect zakat.

(2) Domestic animals

Zakat is obligatory on someone who owns certain domesticated stray animals for up to a period of one year. And the animals are, 

(a) Camel

(b) Cows and buffaloes

(d) Goats, sheep, and goats. 

The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, “Every person who owns camels, cows, and goats who does not pay their Zakat, surely they will be brought on the Day of Resurrection in a large and very fat condition.” They will trample him in droves with their razors and beat him with their horns. Whenever the last group of them crosses over, the first group will come again and do the same with him, until the judgment of the people is finished.

Bukhari Ha/1460, Banganubad (Tawheed Publications) 2/121 pp.; Muslim Ha/990; Mishkat Ha/1775, Banganubad Mishkat (Emdadia) 4/126 p.

(3) Harvest

Zakat is obligatory on all grains and fruits that can be stored and sold by weight. For example – wheat, barley, dates, raisins, etc. Allah Ta’ala says, “It is He Who created the vines and the gardens, and the date trees, the grains of various tastes, the olives and the pomegranates – both alike and unlike each other.” When it is fruitful, eat its fruit and pay its right (zakat) on the day of harvest and do not waste it; Surely He does not love the wasteful. (An’am 6/141). 

On the authority of Omar Ibnul Khattab (RA), he said, The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) introduced zakat on four crops: wheat, barley, raisins, and dates.

Sunan Darakutani Ha/1936; Silsila Chahihah Ha/879.

In another hadith, on the authority of Musa Ibn Talha (RA), he said, We had the letter sent by the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) to Mu’adh (RA). So he accepted zakat of wheat, barley, raisins, and dates.

Musnad Ahmad Ha/ 2041; Silsila Chahihah, Ha/879.

Although Zakat of four grains mentioned in the mentioned hadiths is mentioned, these four are not specified. Rather, it includes all crops that can be weighed and stored. Such as rice, corn, etc.

Therefore, zakat is not obligatory on crops that cannot be stored. For example, there is no zakat (Ushar) on vegetables or raw materials. Rasoolullah (PBUH) said, there is no zakat (Ushar) on vegetables. 

Sahih Jameus Sagir Ha/5411, Albany, Sanad Sahih.

It should be noted that if the sale proceeds of such assets exceed one year and the Nisab amount, 2.50 percent Zakat must be paid.

When is zakat of grain obligatory?

When the grain is ripe and it is harvested, the zakat must be paid for the grain. Allah Ta’ala says He will pay his right (Zakat) on the day of harvest. (An’am 6/141).

(4) Mineral and underground resources

Mineral resources, which Allah Ta’ala has created for people and placed under the ground. For example – gold, silver, copper, etc. And it is obligatory to pay zakat on the wealth kept by the people of previous eras, which people find inside the ground. 

Allah says, O believers! Spend the best of what you earn and what I produce for you from the land. (Baqarah 2/267).

In the explanation of this verse, Imam Qurtubi (RA) said, production from the land means crops, mineral resources, and people’s hidden wealth.

Rasulullah (s.a.w.s.) said that injury to a four-legged animal is exempt. Well (owner in case of death of a worker in digging) exempted, mine (owner in case of death of a worker in digging) exempted. One-fifth of Rikarya (hidden wealth of man) is obligatory.

Bukhari Ha/1499, ‘Zakat’ chapter, Banganubad (Tawheed Publications) 2/127 p.; Muslim Ha/1710; Mishkat Ha/1798.

Time to take out one-fifth of the treasure

The external meaning of the hadith says that it is not necessary to complete the year to take out one-fifth of the treasure, but one-fifth of it should be given as zakat when it is received, and no one disagrees with this. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said One-fifth of the treasure is obligatory.

He did not stipulate the completion of the year.

There is no Zakat on which wealth?

Zakat is not required for the daily necessities of people such as food, drinks, furniture, vehicles, clothing, houses, markets, land, and all other consumables including ornaments except gold and silver. Because the Messenger of Allah, may God bless him and grant him peace, said, “There is no zakat on Muslims’ slaves, plaintiffs, and horses.” Zakat will not be due on goods prepared for rent. However, Zakat will come on the money received from them after the completion of Nisab.

Nisab of Zakat

(1) Nisab of Zakat on Gold, Silver, Currency, and Business products

Zakat is obligatory on someone if he has the Nisab amount of gold or silver fixed by Islamic Shari’ah for a period of one lunar year, if he has an amount of movable currency equal to its market price, or if he has a number of trade goods equal to it. Again, if this four combined amount to Nisab, then Zakat is obligatory on him. It should be noted that if a person has a debt, it should be deducted from the total assets and then if it is the amount of Nisab then Zakat should be paid. Nisab of the two metals is mentioned below:

Nisab of gold

About this, the Prophet (peace be upon him) said, Zakat on gold of fewer than twenty dinars is not obligatory. If a person has 20 dinars worth of gold for a year, half a dinar should be paid as zakat. After that, the increase will be calculated in the same way.

Abu Dawud ha/1573, ‘Zakat’ chapter, Albani, Sahih Sahih.

Note that 1 dinar is equal to 4.25 grams of gold as mentioned in the hadith. Therefore 20 dinars equal to 20 × 4.25 = 85 grams of gold. That is, if someone has the mentioned amount of gold for one year, then it is obligatory to pay 2.50% Zakat of the total wealth as per the current selling price of the said gold.

Nisab of gold with alloy

In the current market, gold is not weighted by excluding alloy when buying and selling; Rather than being weighted with shafts. Therefore, if the amount of gold including alloy is Nisab, Zakat is obligatory on it.

Nisab of silver

Referring to the Nisab of silver, the Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “There is no zakat on silver less than five Ukiyas”.

Bukhari ha/1484, ‘Zakat’ chapter, Muslim ha/979; Mishkat Ha/1794.

Note that 1 ukiya is equal to 40 dirhams. So 5 ukiya is equal to 40 x 5 = 200 dirhams.

Elsewhere the Prophet (PBUH) said:

For every 40 dirhams, you will pay 1 dirham as zakat. Nothing is obligatory on you until the 200 dirhams are fulfilled. If 200 dirhams are fulfilled, his zakat will be 5 dirhams and if it is in excess, his zakat should be paid according to the above calculations.

Abu Dawud ha/1572, ‘Zakat’ chapter, Albani, Sahih Sahih.

200 dirhams is equal to 595 grams of silver mentioned in this hadith. 1 bari is equal to 11.66 grams, so 595 grams equals 595 ÷ 11.66 = 51.02 bars of silver. If someone has the said amount of silver for a year, it is obligatory to collect a zakat of 2.50% of the total assets as per the current selling price.

Current Currency Nisab

Whether it is dirhams, dinars, dollars, or Takas that people are trading in today’s world, if it reaches the Nisab value of gold or silver and a period of one year has passed on that currency, then Zakat is obligatory on it. During the time of the Prophet (PHUB), one dinar was equal to ten dirhams. So twenty dinars of gold and two hundred dirhams of silver were equal in value. Because of this, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) mentioned the Nisab of gold and silver as twenty dinars and two hundred dirhams respectively.

Nisab of Business products

The Nisab of Zakat on merchandise is equivalent to the value of 85 grams of gold or 595 grams of silver.

Amount of money in terms of gold Nisab

According to the hadith, 1 dinar is equal to 4.25 grams of gold. Therefore 20 dinars equal to 20 × 4.25 = 85 grams of gold. According to the current market price of gold, 1 gram = 65 dollars. Therefore 85 grams = 5525 dollars.

Amount of money in terms of silver Nisab

According to the hadith, 200 dirhams equals 595 grams of silver. 1 bari is equal to 11.66 grams, so 595 grams is equal to 595 ÷ 11.66 = 51.02 bars of silver. According to the current market price of silver 1 gram = .8 dollars. Therefore 595 grams = 476 dollars.

Will I accept Nisab of gold or Nisab of silver?

In the present world, a large difference is observed between the Nisab amount of gold and silver. Now shall we determine the Nisab of cash current currency and commodity based on gold or silver? There is a difference of opinion among the ulama in this regard. Since the value of gold is more stable than that of silver and universally accepted, most scholars are in favor of giving zakat according to gold calculations. However, since zakat is a means of consecrating and purifying wealth, zakat can also be paid in cash on currency and trade goods in the form of silver.

(2) Nisab of Zakat on domestic animals

In order for zakat on domestic animals to be obligatory, one must own the number of animals prescribed by Islamic Shari’ah and must have owned them for a period of one lunar year. And that is 40 goats, sheep and goats, 30 cows, and 5 camels. Zakat is not obligatory on him if it is less than the mentioned number. 

Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) said, there is no zakat on less than five camels. 

Bukhari Ha/1447, chapter ‘Zakat’, paragraph ‘Zakat on Silver’; Muslim Ha/979. 

In another hadith, it was narrated on the authority of Mu’adh Ibn Jabal (RA), who said, When the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) sent me to Yemen, he ordered me to pay the zakat of cows one ‘Musinnah’ (cows entering their third year beyond two years) for every forty cows. ) and in every thirty will take one ‘Tabee’ or ‘Tabeeah’ (a cow entering the second year beyond one year).

Tirmidhi Ha/623; Nasa’i Ha/2450; Ibn Majah ha/1803; Mishkat Ha/1800, ‘Zakat’ chapter, Albani, Sanad Sahih.

Elsewhere the Prophet (PBUH) said, If the number of domestic goats is less than forty, there is no Zakat on him.

Bukhari Ha/1454, chapter ‘Zakat’, paragraph ‘Zakat of goats’; Mishkat Ha/1796. 

(3) Nisab of Zakat on Harvest

About the Nisab of zakat on crops, the Prophet (PHUB) said, there is no zakat on crops produced for less than five Wasaks.

Bukhari Ha/1484, ‘Zakat’ chapter, Banganubad (Tawheed Publications) 2/120 p.; Muslim Ha/979; Mishkat Ha/1794.

1 Wasak is equal to 60 Cha’. So 5 Wasak is equal to 60 x 5 = 300 sq. If 1 cha’ is equal to 2 kg 500 grams then 300 cha is equal to 750 kg. That is, if 18 maunds of 30 kg of crops are produced, Zakat is obligatory on it.

Will one grain fill the Nisab of another grain?

If a person produces 10 maunds of paddy and 10 maunds of wheat, should he combine both crops and pay zakat? No – will any of them refrain from paying zakat due to the lack of Nisab amount? The Sahih opinion in this regard is that wheat, barley, paddy, etc. are each separate crops. Therefore, zakat is obligatory only if the grains are separately amounting to Nisab. Otherwise, it is not obligatory. However, different classes of the same crop belong to the same family. For example, different classes of rice including Miniket, Parija, China, and Swarna belong to the same Nisab.

Sahih Fiqhs Sunnah 2/45 p.

(4) Nisab of mineral and underground resources

According to the external meaning of the hadith, specific Nisab is not a condition for the zakat of treasures to be wajib. Most scholars have said this. Therefore, whoever receives the treasure of the Jahili era, will pay one-fifth of it in Zakat, whether the amount is less or more.

What percentage is Zakat?

(1) What percentage is Zakat on Gold, Silver, Currency, and Business products

For deducting zakat on gold, silver, movable currency, and commercial goods, the current selling price of the said gold and silver, the current market price of the collected goods (current purchase price), and cash currency, if any, after deducting it from the total assets, 2. 50% zakat is obligatory i.e. 2.50% of the total assets divided by 40 should be given as zakat. And this is the zakat of gold and silver and what comes under its command. For example, someone has gold, silver, and currency, and trades goods together worth dollars 40,000. The rule for deducting zakat from that amount is 40,000 ÷ 40 = 1,000 dollars. 1,000 dollars should be donated as Zakat from 40,000 dollars in the mentioned method.

(2) Amount of Zakat on domestic animals

In this case, one thing needs to be remembered. That is, only the animal should be paid as zakat of the animal, not the price.

A. Amount of zakat on camels

1. If the camel is less than 5 then there is no zakat.

2. For 5 – 9 camels A goat.

3. For 10 – 14 camels Two goats.

4. For 15 – 19 camels Three goats.

5. For 20 – 24 camels Four goats.

6. For 25 – 35 camels a she-camel is 2 years old.

7. For 36 – 45 camels a she-camel is 3 years old.

8. for 46 – 60 camels a camel is four years old.

9. For 60 – 75 camels a she-camel is five years old.

10. For 76 – 90 camels 2 camels are three years old.

11. For 91 – 120 camels 2 camels are four years old.

If it is in excess, the same rule applies.

b. Amount of zakat on cows and buffaloes

1. If the number of cows and buffaloes is less than 30 then there is no zakat.

2. For 30 – 39 Cows and Buffaloes One full-year-old cow/buffalo calf.

3. For 40 – 59 cows and buffaloes A 2-year-old calf.

4. If there is an excess of 60, one-year-old for every 30 cows and buffaloes and 2 years old for every 40 cows and buffaloes.

c. Amount of Zakat on Goat, and Sheep

1. If the number of goats, and sheep is less than 40 then there is no zakat.

2. For 40 – 120 goats, and sheep A goat/sheep.

3. For 121 – 280 goats, and sheep two goats/sheep.

4. For 201 – 399 goats, and sheep Three goats/sheep.

5.  For 400 goats, and sheep Four goats/sheep.

6. If more than 400, 1 goat/sheep for every 100 goats, and sheep.

The sheep/goat to be given as Zakat should not be less than one year old.

(3) What percentage is Zakat on Harvest

If the Nisab amount of grain is produced in rainwater, 1/10th of zakat is obligatory. And if you produce by irrigation, 1/20th of zakat is obligatory.

The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said that ‘Ushar’ (one-tenth) of Zakat is wajib on crops grown on land wetted by rain and spring water or on crops grown in water from drains. And ‘half Ushar’ (one-twentieth) of Zakat is Wajib on crops produced by irrigation.

Bukhari Ha/1483, ‘Zakat’ chapter, I, Banganubad 2/119 p.; Mishkat Ha/1797.

Percentage of Zakat on crops produced through both rainwater and artificial irrigation

Crops that are not produced solely by rainwater or artificial irrigation alone. Rather, some part is produced by rainwater and some part is produced through artificial irrigation. The rule for extracting zakat from that crop is that if the amount of rainwater is more, then one-tenth of zakat must be paid. And if the amount of artificial irrigation is more, one-twentieth of zakat must be paid.

And if half of it is produced by rainwater and half by artificial irrigation, then three-fourths of one-tenth is due as Zakat. In other words, if the amount of rainwater is more than 20 maunds of paddy, then one-tenth of that i.e. two maunds of zakat must be paid. And if the amount of artificial irrigation is more, then one-twentieth part, i.e. one man, should be given as zakat. And if half of the rainwater and half of it is produced through self-irrigation, one-tenth of it, three-fourths of it, i.e. one maund and twenty kilograms of zakat must be paid. Ibnu Qudama (RA) said I do not know that there is any difference of opinion among the scholars in this regard.

Ibn Qudama, Sharhul Kabir 2/563 p.; Muhammad bin Saleh al-Uthaymeen, Sharhul Mumte’ 6/78 p.; Fatawa Lajna Dayma 9/176 p.; Fiqhs Sunnah 1/354 p.; Naylul Awtar 4/201 p.; Yusuf Karjawi, Fiqhuz Zakat 1/333 p.

(4) What percentage is Zakat on Mineral and underground resources

The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “Zakat is one-fifth of hidden treasure”. That is, the one who gets the treasure will pay one-fifth of the treasure. 

Bukhari Ha/1499, ‘Zakat’ chapter, Banganubad (Tawheed Publications) 2/127 p.; Muslim Ha/1710; Mishkat Ha/1798.

What are the sectors of Zakat payment?

Almighty Allah has mentioned 8 categories of Zakat in the Holy Quran. He said, surely Sadaqah (zakat) is for the Fakir and the poor and for the servants engaged in it, and for those whose hearts are to be attracted; (It can be distributed) in freeing slaves, among debtors, in the way of Allah, and among travelers. It is decreed by Allah, and Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. (Repentance 9/60).

In that verse, Allah Ta’ala mentioned 8 categories of Zakat payment. Each sector is discussed separately below-

(1) Fakir

A poor beggar. Which Allah Ta’ala has mentioned as the first of the 8 sectors of Zakat. Therefore, the Fakir is entitled to Zakat’s wealth. Allah Ta’ala says, If you give Sadaqah openly, it is better; And if you do it secretly and give it to the poor, it is better for you. (Baqarah 2/271).

The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said Allah Ta’ala has made Zakat (Zakat) obligatory on them on their wealth. which will be received from their rich and distributed among their poor.

Bukhari Ha/1395, chapter ‘Zakat’, paragraph ‘Zakat being obligatory’, Banganubad Bukhari 2/75 p.; Muslim Ha/19.

(2) Poor

Allah Ta’ala mentions the poor as the second of the eight categories of Zakat. And the poor are the person who can neither meet their needs nor ask openly. Outwardly he seems well off. 

In the hadith, it was narrated from Abu Huraira (RA), that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, “He is not poor who goes from door to door for a handful of food or two dates and returns when he is given it.” Instead, the real poor person is the one who does not have enough resources to meet his needs. But he is not even known so that people can criticize him and he himself does not want anything from people.

Bukhari Ha/1479, 4539; Muslim Ha/1039; Mishkat Ha/1828.

(3) Zakat collectors and custodians

Allah Ta’ala has mentioned as the third sector of Zakat payment is the person who is engaged in the collection, custody, and distribution of Zakat. Therefore, even if the person is rich, he can take part in Zakat if he wants.

Sharhul Mumte 6/225.

In the hadith, it was narrated on the authority of Ibn Sa’eedi al-Malaki (RA), who said, Umar Ibn al-Khattab (RA) appointed me as a collector of zakat. When I finished the work and delivered it to him he ordered me to be paid. I said I have done this to gain the pleasure of Allah. So I will take the reward from Allah. He said, Take what I am giving. Because I also worked as a zakat collector during the time of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH). Then he also ordered me to pay the remuneration. Then I said the same thing as you. The Prophet (peace be upon him) told me, when something is given to you even though you do not want it, then accept it. You eat it yourself or have it.

Muslim Ha/1045; Mishkat Ha/1854.

In another hadith, it was narrated from Ata Ibn Yasar (RA), that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, Zakat is not permissible for a wealthy person. But it is permissible for five classes of rich. (1) A person engaged in Jihad in the way of Allah. (2) Employees engaged in the collection of Zakat. (3) Indebted persons. (4) The person who purchased Zakat goods with his own property and (5) The poor neighbor gave a gift to the rich person from the Zakat received by him.

Abu Dawud ha/1635; Mishkat Ha/1833; Albany, Chartered; Sahihul Jame.

(4) The person who has to be attracted to Islam

Zakat can be paid to a non-Muslim in order to attract him to Islam or to ward off any evil or the harm of an infidel.

Sharhul Mumte 6/226.

There is a hadith, narrated by the authority of Abu Saeed Khudri (RA), who said, Ali (RA) sent some pieces of gold to the Prophet (PBUH). He distributed it among four persons. (1) Al-Aqra Ibn Hanzali who was from the Majayshi tribe. (2) Wayna Ibn Badr Fazari. (3) Zayd Tawai, who belonged to the tribe of Bani Nabhan. (4) Alkamah ibn Ulasah Amiri, who belonged to the tribe of Bani Kilab. The Quraysh and the Ansar were displeased with this and said that the Prophet (PBUH) was giving to the leaders of Najd and not us. Then the Prophet (peace be upon him) said, I am entertaining them in order to attract them. Then a man came forward, with two Kotraga eyes, drooping temples, a high forehead, a thick beard, and a wrapped head. He said, O Muhammad! Fear Allah.

Then he said, “If I disobey, then who will obey Allah?” Allah has made me a trustee over the people of the earth, and you do not consider me a trustee. Then a man asked him for permission to kill him. (Abu Sa’id (RA) said, “I thought he was Khalid Ibn Walid. But the Prophet (PBUH) forbade him. Then when the accuser turned back, the Prophet (PBUH) said, ‘From the progeny of this person or something like that after this person.’ There will be many people who will recite the Qur’an, but it will not pass their throats. They will depart from the Deen as arrows depart from the bow. They will kill the followers of Islam and refrain from killing the idolaters. If I had found them, I would have killed them. I would definitely kill like the nation. 

Bukhari Ha/3344, Banganubad Bukhari, (Tawheed Publications) 3/380 p.; Muslim Ha/1064.

(5) Slaves (for emancipation).

Those who have become slaves in exchange for any written contract. Zakat can be paid to redeem them by purchase from the owner. Similarly, if a Muslim person is currently imprisoned by non-Muslims, that person will also be included in this category. 

Sharhul Mumte 6/230.

In the hadith, it was narrated on the authority of Bara Ibn Azeeb (RA), who said, A man once came to the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) and said, “Tell me a deed that will bring me closer to Paradise and keep me away from Hell.” The Prophet (PBUH) said, “You have said the question in few words; But you want to know something very broad. You free an animal and free a slave. The man said these two are not the same work. He said, No (the two are not the same). Because to free an animal means that you alone will free the whole animal. And to free a slave means to help by paying some price for his release.

Also, one of the deeds that will enter Paradise is donating an animal that gives plenty of milk and showing favor to a near relative who is wronged by you. If you are not able to do all these things, give food to the hungry and water to the thirsty. Enjoin good deeds and forbid evil deeds. And if it is not possible for you to do this, then restrain your tongue from speaking anything but good.

Musnad Ahmad Ha/18670; Adabul Mufrad Ha/69; Mishkat Ha/3384, Banganubad Mishkat (Emdadia) 7/3 p.; Albany, Sanad Cahih.

In the mentioned hadith, slavery is mentioned as a special means of attaining Jannah. And since the emancipation of slaves requires a lot of money, Allah Ta’ala has mentioned the emancipation of slaves as the main source of zakat distribution in Islamic economics.

(6) Indebted persons

Zakat can be given with a view to freeing the debtor from his debt. 

There is a hadith, narrated on the authority of Kabeesah Ibn Makharek (may Allah be pleased with him), who said, “Once I became the guarantor of some debts.” So I went to the Prophet (PBUH) to ask for something in this regard. He said to me, (Stay in Madinah until the wealth of Zakat comes to me. Then I will order you to give me something from it.

Then the Prophet (peace be upon him) said, remember O Kabisha! It is not permissible to ask for help (from Zakat wealth) for anyone other than three persons. (1) It is permissible for a person who incurs a debt to ask for help (from Zakat wealth) until he pays it. Then it will close. (2) It is lawful for a person who is afflicted with a calamity in which his wealth is destroyed (from the wealth of zakat) to seek help until he obtains something sufficient to meet his needs or, as he says, to live, and

(3) a person who is Destitute even three men of knowledge among his neighbors have testified to his poverty that it is lawful for him to ask for help (from zakat wealth) until he earns something like his livelihood or, he says, to live on. O Kabisha! Except these, those who ask (from Zakat wealth) are eating haram.

Muslim Ha/1044; Mishkat Ha/1837.

(7) A person engaged in Jihad in the way of Allah

Any effort aimed at upholding the Deen of Allah is part of ‘fi sabilillah’ or the path of Allah. Jihad, all ways of acquiring religious knowledge, and all means of spreading religion are included in this category. 

In the hadith, it was narrated from Ata Ibn Yasar (RA), that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, Zakat is not permissible for a wealthy person. But it is permissible for five classes of rich. (1) A person engaged in Jihad in the way of Allah. (2) Employees engaged in the collection of Zakat. (3) Indebted persons. (4) A person who has purchased zakat goods with his own property and (5) A poor neighbor who has given a gift to a rich person from the zakat received by him.

Abu Dawud ha/1635; Mishkat Ha/1833; Albany, Sanad Chahih; Chahihul Jame’ Ha/7250.

(8) Passengers

Zakat money can be donated to a person who has exhausted his path while traveling and to arrange for him to reach home by paying Zakat. In this case, even if the traveler is wealthy, zakat can be paid to him.

Ruling on paying Zakat to different individuals or institutions

The commandment to eat the Zakat wealth of the strong and able-bodied

It is not permissible for a strong and active person to eat Zakat wealth. 

In the hadith, it was narrated from Abdullah Ibn Amr (RA), that the Prophet (PBUH) said, Zakat is not permissible for a wealthy person and it is not permissible for a healthy person.

Tirmidhi Ha/652; Nasa’i Ha/2597; Ibn Majah ha/1839; Mishkat Ha/1830; Albany, Sanad Chahih; Chahihul Jame’ Ha/7251.

In another hadith, on the authority of Adi Ibn Khiyar (RA), he said, Two people narrated to me that they came to the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) during the Farewell Hajj. He was then distributing Sadaqah (Zakat). They both asked him for something (Zakat). He looked up at us and bowed. He saw that both of us were healthy. Then he said, “If you want, I will give it to you.” But it has no part of the rich and of any strong and active man.

Abu Dawud ha/1633; Nasa’i Ha/2598; Mishkat Ha/1832; Albany, Sanad Chahih; Shahihul Jame’ Ha/1419.

Ruling on giving zakat to parents

It is not permissible to give Zakat wealth to parents. Because the children and their wealth basically belong to the parents. Besides, it is the exclusive duty of the child to support his parents with his wealth. 

The hadith was narrated by Abdullah Ibn Amr (RA), a person who came to the Prophet (PBUH) and said, O Messenger of Allah (PBUH)! I have wealth and children. My father is the guardian of my wealth. He said You and your wealth belong to your father. Your children are your best income. So feed your children what they earn.

Abu Dawud Ha/3530; Mishkat Ha/3354; Albany, Chartered; Silsila Chahihah Ha/2414.

Ruling on giving zakat to one’s husband

If the wife owns the Nisab amount of wealth. And if her husband is poor then she can give zakat to her husband. But the wife herself and her own children cannot benefit from it. The husband himself and if he has another wife and children by that wife, they can enjoy it.

In the hadith, Zaynab (RA), the wife of Abdullah Ibn Masood (RA) said, I was in Masjid al-Nabawi. I saw the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), and he said, “Do charity even if it is from your ornaments.” And Zaynab (her husband) used to spend (give zakat) on Abdullah Ibn Mas’ud and the orphans of her lap. He said to Abdullah Ibn Mas’ud (RA), ask the Prophet (PBUH), if I spend the wealth of Zakat on you and on the orphans of my lap, will it be enough? Abdullah Ibn Mas’ud (RA) said, “Rather, you should ask yourself.”

Then I went to the Prophet (PBUH). I saw another Ansari woman waiting at the door, she also came in need like me. In this situation, Belal (RA) was passing by us. We said, Ask the Prophet (PBUH), if I give zakat to my husband and my orphans, will my zakat be collected? And do not tell him (the Messenger of God) about us. Belal (RA) went and asked, then he said, who are they? Belal (RA) said, Zaynab. Did he ask again, which woman? Belal (RA) said she is the wife of Ibn Mas’ud (RA). Then the Prophet (PBUH) said, Yes, there will be two exchanges for him. Exchange of kinship and protection of kinship.

Bukhari Ha/1466.

Ruling on giving Zakat to one’s wife and children

Zakat’s wealth cannot be given to one’s wife and children. 

There is a hadith, narrated from Abu Hurairah (RA), who said, The Prophet (PBUH) ordered to do Sadaqah. Then a person said, O Messenger of Allah (PHUB)! I have a dinar. He said, spend it on yourself. The man said I have another one. He said, spend it on your children. The man said I have another one. He said, Spend it on your husband or wife. The man said I have another one. He said, spend it on your servant. The man said I have another one. He said you should think about it and decide.

Abu Dawud ha/1691; Nasa’i Ha/2535; Mishkat Ha/1940; Albany, Sanad Hasan; Irwaul Galil Ha/895.

From the mentioned hadith it is proved that the responsibility of maintenance of his wife is on the husband and as a father, the responsibility of maintenance of the child is also on him. Therefore zakat cannot be given to one’s wife and children.

Ruling on paying Zakat to non-Muslims

It is not Shariah-compliant to give Zakat wealth to a non-Muslim. Because zakat is imposed only on rich Muslims and it is ordered to be distributed among poor Muslims.

The Prophet (PBUH) said Allah Ta’ala has made Zakat (zakat) obligatory on them. which will be received from the rich and distributed among the poor.

Bukhari Ha/1395, chapter ‘Zakat’, paragraph ‘Zakat being obligatory’, Banganubad Bukhari 2/75 p.; Muslim Ha/19.

Provision of building mosques and graveyards with Zakat money

It is not permissible to build mosques and graveyards with Zakat money. Because Allah Ta’ala has determined the sectors of Zakat distribution. Zakat is only for the fakir, the poor, the zakat collector, whose hearts need to be drawn (toward Islam), for the emancipation of the slave, the debtor, the way of Allah, and the traveler. This is the decree of Allah (Tawbah 9/60). Mosques and graveyards are not included in the said sector.

Ruling on giving zakat to close relatives

If a close relative is actually entitled to zakat, zakat can be given to him. Even it will earn a double reward.

In the hadith, it was narrated from Salman Ibn Amer (RA), he said, Rasulullah (SAW) said, ‘Giving charity to a poor person is a charity. But if he is a close relative by blood, the merit is doubled. (1) Goodness of charity (2) Goodness of protecting kinship’.

Musnad Ahmad Ha/16277; Tirmidhi Ha/658; Mishkat Ha/1939; Albany, Sanad Cahih.

Method of distribution of Zakat in 8 prescribed sectors

Zakat distribution should be limited to the 8 sectors specified by Allah Ta’ala in the 60th verse of Surah Tawba. It is not permissible to pay zakat outside of this. However, Zakat does not have to be divided into 8 equal parts. Instead, zakat should be distributed more or less among the 8 sectors that can be found, keeping in view the need. Even paying the full zakat in any one sector based on need will be met. It should be noted that Zakat on gold, silver, current currency, and commercial goods is to be paid in current currency ie money, and not with any goods.

How to calculate Zakat and How to pay Zakat?

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